The Advantages of NTFS Over Other File Systems

Definition: NTFS is a proprietary journaling file system developed by Microsoft, designed as the successor to the File Allocation Table (FAT) system. It is the default file system for modern Windows operating systems (starting from Windows NT and including Windows 2000, XP, Vista, 7, 8, 10, 11, as well as Windows Server series). NTFS offers advanced features for data security, reliability, and storage efficiency, making it suitable for both personal computers and enterprise-level servers.

Core Features

Journaling MechanismNTFS maintains a transaction log (journal) that records all file system changes before they are applied to the main file system structure. If the system crashes or a power failure occurs, NTFS can use the journal to quickly recover and restore the file system to a consistent state, minimizing data loss and avoiding file system corruption—this is a key advantage over the non-journaling FAT system.
Access Control and Security
- Implements Access Control Lists (ACLs) to granularly manage permissions for files and folders. Administrators can assign specific access rights (read, write, execute, modify, delete, etc.) to individual users or user groups, ensuring data confidentiality and integrity.
- Supports file encryption via the Encrypting File System (EFS), which encrypts files at the file system level to prevent unauthorized access even if the storage device is moved to another system.
Large Storage Support
- NTFS supports significantly larger file and volume sizes compared to FAT32. The maximum theoretical file size is 16 exabytes (EB), and the maximum theoretical volume size is 256 TB (limited by hardware and OS implementation in practice, e.g., Windows 10 supports volumes up to 256 TB with GPT partitioning).
- FAT32, by contrast, has a 4 GB maximum file size limit and a 32 GB maximum volume size limit, making it unsuitable for large media files or enterprise storage.
File Compression and Sparse Files
- Built-in transparent file compression reduces the storage space occupied by files without requiring users to manually compress/decompress them. The OS automatically compresses files when saved and decompresses them when accessed.
- Supports sparse files, which are optimized for files with large amounts of empty (zero) data. Only the non-zero data is stored on disk, saving space for applications like virtual machine disks and database files.
Volume Shadow Copy Service (VSS) CompatibilityNTFS works seamlessly with Windows’ VSS to create point-in-time snapshots of volumes. These snapshots allow users to restore files to previous versions, back up data while it is in use, and support system recovery operations.

Limitations

Cross-Platform Compatibility Issues: By default, macOS and Linux systems can only read NTFS volumes but not write to them (third-party drivers are required for full read/write support).
Overhead: NTFS has higher memory and processing overhead compared to FAT32, which may impact performance on low-spec devices (e.g., old embedded systems).
Proprietary Design: The NTFS specification is not fully open, which restricts the development of third-party tools and may lead to compatibility inconsistencies across different platforms.

Comparison with FAT32 and exFAT

Feature	NTFS	FAT32	exFAT
Max File Size	16 EB (theoretical)	4 GB	16 EB (theoretical)
Max Volume Size	256 TB (practical)	32 GB	128 PB (theoretical)
Journaling	Yes	No	No
Access Control	Yes (ACLs + EFS)	No	No
Cross-Platform Support	Limited (read-only on macOS/Linux)	Wide (read/write on most OS)	Good (supported by Windows/macOS/Linux)